清朝封赠文书的制度、颁给、功能：世祖、圣祖、世宗三朝的诰敕

摘要

以往对清朝诰命、敕命这类封赠文书的研究或较为抽象,且仅涉及相关制度在某一时间点的形态,或虽具体,却少见个案所处的历史脉络。因希望立体、生动地展示清朝的诰敕,故以世祖、圣祖、世宗三朝为时限,既研究诰敕制度的变迁,又呈现诰敕授予的趋势。由此发现,多民族的清朝有意以多种语言书写诰敕;在政局紧张时大量颁发以笼络人心,局势缓和后则修改制度、少量颁给以减少拥有者,以使诰敕珍贵;诰敕是清朝重要的政治工具。

Abstract

：The previous researches on the Qing dynasty's honorary certificates such as gaoming and chiming were either abstract and only about the corresponding system at a certain point in time, or specific but lacking the historical context. In order to show the Qing Dynasty's gaoming and chiming comprehensively and vividly, the reigns of the emperors Shizu, Shengzu and Shizong are chosen to study the changes in the system and the trend of the issuance. It was found that the multi-ethnic Qing Dynasty intentionally made gaoming and chiming multilingual; when the political situation was tense, gaoming and chiming were issued in large numbers to win the hearts of people, and when the situation eased, for making gaoming and chiming precious, the modification of the system and the quantity control of the issuance were practiced to reduce the number of owners; gaoming and chiming were the Qing Dynasty's important political tools.

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